57 Cognitive Biases That Screw Up How We Think

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People aren't as rational as we would like to think.From attentional bias — where someone focuses on only one or two of several possible outcomes — to zero-risk bias — where we place too much value on reducing a small risk to zero — the sheer number of cognitive biases that affect us every day is staggering.Understanding these biases is key to suppressing them — and needless to say, it is good to try to be rational in most cases. How else can you have any sort of control over investments, purchases, and all other decisions that you make in your life?

To convey the breadth of cognitive biases, we've picked out 57 of the most notable ones from a much longer list on Wikipedia. [Aimee Groth contributed to an earlier version of this article.]

Attentional bias
Attentional bias
Availability heuristic
Availability heuristic
Backfire effect
Backfire effect
Bandwagon effect
Bandwagon effect
Belief bias
Belief bias
Bias blind spots
Bias blind spots
Choice-supportive bias
Choice-supportive bias
Clustering illusion
Clustering illusion
Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias
Conservatism bias
Conservatism bias
Curse of knowledge
Curse of knowledge
Decoy effect
Decoy effect
Denomination effect
Denomination effect
Duration neglect
Duration neglect
Empathy gap
Empathy gap
Frequency illusion
Frequency illusion
Galatea Effect
Galatea Effect
Halo effect
Halo effect
Hard-Easy bias
Hard-Easy bias
Herding
Herding
Hindsight bias
Hindsight bias
Hyperbolic discounting
Hyperbolic discounting
Ideometer effect
Ideometer effect
Illusion of control
Illusion of control
Illusion of validity
Illusion of validity
Information bias
Information bias
Inter-group bias
Inter-group bias
Irrational escalation
Irrational escalation
Less-is-more effect
Less-is-more effect
Negativity bias
Negativity bias
Observer-expectancy effect
Observer-expectancy effect
Omission bias
Omission bias
Ostrich effect
Ostrich effect
Outcome bias
Outcome bias
Overconfidence
Overconfidence
Overoptimism
Overoptimism
Pessimism bias
Pessimism bias
Placebo effect
Placebo effect
Planning fallacy
Planning fallacy
Post-purchase rationalization
Post-purchase rationalization
Pro-innovation bias
Pro-innovation bias
Procrastination
Procrastination
Reactance
Reactance
Recency
Recency
Reciprocity
Reciprocity
Regression bias
Regression bias
Restraint bias
Restraint bias
Salience
Salience
Seersucker Illusion
Seersucker Illusion
Selective perception
Selective perception
Status quo bias
Status quo bias
Stereotyping
Stereotyping
Survivorship bias
Survivorship bias

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